Electrochemical cells and methods of manufacturing the same

ABSTRACT

Electrochemical cells and methods of making electrochemical cells are described herein. In some embodiments, an apparatus includes a multi-layer sheet for encasing an electrode material for an electrochemical cell. The multi-layer sheet including an outer layer, an intermediate layer that includes a conductive substrate, and an inner layer disposed on a portion of the conductive substrate. The intermediate layer is disposed between the outer layer and the inner layer. The inner layer defines an opening through which a conductive region of the intermediate layer is exposed such that the electrode material can be electrically connected to the conductive region. Thus, the intermediate layer can serve as a current collector for the electrochemical cell.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.15/724,701, filed Oct. 4, 2017, entitled “Electrochemical Cells andMethods of Manufacturing the Same,” which is a continuation of U.S.patent application Ser. No. 15/188,374, filed Jun. 21, 2016, now U.S.Pat. No. 9,812,674, entitled “Electrochemical Cells and Methods ofManufacturing the Same,” which is a continuation of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 14/543,489, filed Nov. 17, 2014, now U.S. Pat. No.9,401,501, entitled “Electrochemical Cells and Methods of Manufacturingthe Same,” which is a continuation of International Application SerialNo. PCT/US2013/041537, filed May 17, 2013, entitled “ElectrochemicalCells and Methods of Manufacturing the Same,” which is acontinuation-in-part of and claims priority to U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 13/832,836, filed Mar. 15, 2013, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,178,200,entitled “Electrochemical Cells and Methods of Manufacturing the Same,”which claims priority to and the benefit of U.S. Provisional ApplicationNo. 61/648,967, filed May 18, 2012, entitled “Simplified BatteryDesign,” each of which are hereby incorporated by reference in theirentirety.

STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT

This invention was made with government support under Grant NumberDE-AR0000102 awarded by the Department of Energy. The government hascertain rights in the invention.

BACKGROUND

Embodiments described herein relate generally to an apparatus for usewithin an electrochemical cell that can be used as both an outer casingand a current collector for the electrochemical cell and methods formaking such apparatus.

Some known electrochemical cells (e.g., batteries) can include a varietyof shapes and/or sizes, can be based on a wide variety of enablingmaterials and internal architectures, can be either passive or activelycontrolled, can be rechargeable or not, and/or can share certain commonfeatures that can allow them to convert chemical energy to electricalenergy. Some known batteries can include a first electrode having a highelectrochemical potential and a second electrode having a lowerelectrochemical potential relative to the first electrode. Eachelectrode can include an active material that participates in a chemicalreaction and/or physico-chemical transformation during discharge byvirtue of a favored thermodynamic change of material states, which canresult in the flow of electrical current when a switch is closed. Insome cases, for charge transfer to occur, two distinct conductivenetworks can allow the anode and cathode to be electrically connected. Aseparator can be used to provide isolation of the anode and cathode suchthat only ions are able to pass through it, and to prevent shortcircuiting.

The manufacture of battery electrodes can be a complex and capitalintensive process, and can commonly include material mixing, casting,calendering, drying, slitting, and working (bending, rolling, etc.)according to the battery architecture being built. Because the electrodeis manipulated during assembly, and to ensure conductive networks are inplace, all components are compressed into a cohesive assembly, forexample, by use of a binding agent. However, binding agents themselvesoccupy space, can add processing complexity, and can impede ionic andelectronic conductivity.

Thus, there is a need for improvements in electrochemical cells (e.g.,batteries) and the manufacture of electrochemical cells, such aseliminating components of the electrochemical cell and/or providingreduced packaging for the electrochemical cell, while maintaining thesame energy storage capabilities.

SUMMARY

Electrochemical cells and methods of making electrochemical cells aredescribed herein. In some embodiments, an apparatus includes amulti-layer sheet for encasing an electrode material of anelectrochemical cell. The multi-layer sheet includes an outer layer, anintermediate layer that includes a conductive substrate, and an innerlayer disposed on a portion of the conductive substrate. Theintermediate layer being disposed between the outer layer and the innerlayer. The inner layer defines an opening through which a conductiveregion of the intermediate layer is exposed such that the electrodematerial can be electrically connected to the conductive region and theintermediate layer can serve as a current collector for theelectrochemical cell.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a laminate sheet for encasing anelectrochemical cell, according to an embodiment.

FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the laminate sheet of FIG. 1 takenalong line 2-2 in FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of a portion an electrochemical cell,according to an embodiment.

FIG. 4 is a schematic top view of a portion of a laminate sheet forencasing an electrochemical cell, according to another embodiment.

FIG. 5 is a schematic top view of a portion of a laminate sheet forencasing an electrochemical cell, according to another embodiment.

FIG. 6 is a schematic top view of a portion of a laminate sheet forencasing an electrochemical cell, according to another embodiment.

FIG. 7 is a cross-section view of the portion of a laminate sheet ofFIG. 6 taken along line 7-7 in FIG. 6.

FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view of a portion of an electrochemicalcell, according to another embodiment.

FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view of another portion of theelectrochemical cell of FIG. 8.

FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view of a portion of an electrochemicalcell, according to another embodiment.

FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional view of a portion of an electrochemicalcell, according to another embodiment.

FIG. 12 is a perspective view of a portion of an electrochemical cell,according to another embodiment.

FIG. 13A is a perspective view of a portion of an electrochemical cell,according to another embodiment.

FIGS. 13B-13D each illustrates a form angle for a laminate sheet forencasing an electrochemical cell, according to an embodiment.

FIGS. 13E and 13F each illustrate a portion of a laminate sheet forencasing an electrochemical cell, according to an embodiment.

FIG. 14A is a perspective view of a portion of a laminate sheet forencasing an electrochemical cell, according to another embodiment.

FIG. 14B is a cross-sectional view of the laminate sheet of FIG. 14Ataken along line 14B-14B in FIG. 14A.

FIG. 15A is a perspective view of a portion of a laminate sheet forencasing an electrochemical cell, according to another embodiment.

FIG. 15B is a cross-sectional view of the laminate sheet of FIG. 15Ataken along line 15B-15B in FIG. 15A; and FIG. 15C is a cross-sectionalview of the laminate sheet of FIG. 15A taken along line 15C-15C in FIG.15A.

FIGS. 16A-16C illustrate steps of a process to manufacture anelectrochemical cell, according to an embodiment.

FIG. 17A is a perspective view of an electrochemical cell, according toanother embodiment.

FIG. 17B is a cross-section view of the electrochemical cell of FIG. 17Ataken along line 17B-17B in FIG. 17A; and FIG. 17C is an enlarged viewof a portion B of FIG. 17B.

FIG. 18A is an exploded perspective with of an electrochemical cell,according to another embodiment, with a portion of the electrochemicalcell shown transparent.

FIG. 18B is an enlarged view of a portion of the electrochemical cell ofFIG. 18A.

FIG. 18C is a perspective view of a portion of the electrochemical cellof FIG. 18A shown assembled.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Electrochemical cells, such as batteries, and methods of manufacturingelectrochemical cells are described herein in which the “pouch” or“casing” of the electrochemical cell (also referred to as “cell”) canalso be used as an electrochemical functional component (e.g., thecurrent collector) of the cell. As described herein, in someembodiments, a cell pouch (e.g., case) can include a laminated sheetformed with an outer layer, an intermediate metal foil layer and aninner layer. The inner layer can include openings to define a cavity inwhich an electrochemically active material of the electrode of the cellcan be electrically connected with the metal foil member. Thus, in suchan embodiment, the metal foil layer of the pouch can serve as thecurrent collector of the cell.

In general, each electrode of an electrochemical cell can include activematerial(s), which can undergo chemical or physico-chemical changeduring discharge, and charge in the case of a secondary battery. Theelectrode can occupy/reside within a cavity of the electrochemical cell.The cavity can be defined as the volume of the cell that contains anelectrode, and in some cases can contain additional volume to containother components of the cell. Thus, in some embodiments, an electrodecavity can include several different regions.

For example, as described above, a cavity can refer to the entire volumeof the cell in which an electrode is contained. In some embodiments, acavity of a cell can include a fluid region, which can be the collectiveaggregated volume occupied by fluid suspension in the cavity, and whichmay or may not be continuous or homogeneous

A cavity can also include an active region. The active region can be thecollection of fluid substance in which active materials are or would beactive (i.e., undergoing chemical or physico-chemical change) duringcharge/discharge, which may vary with operating conditions (e.g.,temperature, state of charge, current, among others), in electricalcontact with both a current collector and a separator.

The cavity may have zero, one, two, or more ports or openings tofacilitate fluid exchange, and the ports may reside on any surfacedefining the cavity including, for example, a side surface and/or a rearsurface. The ports may permit insertion and retraction of specialequipment used during manufacture of the cell, or as feedthroughs forinstrumentation, for example, during manufacture of the cell, orremaining resident after manufacturing is completed. A portion of thearea of a cavity can be bounded by a current collector, and at leastsome of the area of the cavity can be bounded by a separator. Otherportions of the cavity can be bounded by for example, frame seals, portplugs, an electrolytic substance, containment hardware, intra-cavitymechanical supports, instrumentation/sensors, and/or fluids.

The cavity geometry can be, for example, polygonal (rectangular,hexagonal, etc.), have rounded edges, or other shapes depending on thedesign objective. The cavity depth/thickness may be uniform, or can varyaccording to a shape profile. The cavity may only include an activeregion, or be partitioned into active and inactive regions. The cavityvolume may be interrupted by members spanning the volume (for exampleacross the thickness) e.g., for structural, fluid dynamic, or otherreasons.

Some embodiments described herein relate to the fabrication and/ormethods of manufacturing electrochemical cells, where the electrodes ofthe cell can contain an active material(s), electrolytic substance(s),and optionally other materials such as, for example, materialparticipating in conductive networks (e.g., carbon powder or salts),rheology modifiers (e.g. dispersants, fluid stabilizers, and otherfunctional agents). This is distinguished from conventional batteries inthat the active materials are mobile (e.g., flowable) in theelectrolytic substance (i.e. are not fixed in position relative to oneanother—at least during manufacturing, and optionally also (i) through apost-assembly period where other processing steps are undertaken, (ii)through a conditioning period of the assembled battery, (iii) throughouta fraction of the battery life, (iv) for the entire battery life cycle,or (v) for discontinuous periods throughout the battery life). The term“during manufacturing” in this context means the period of time from thefirst introduction of electrode substance or a material componentthereof into the cavity region of the battery until the lastintroduction of electrode substance or a material component thereof intothe cavity region. In some embodiments, a method of manufacturing a cellcan include sealing, tabbing, and an overall simplified fabricationprocess.

As used in this specification, the singular forms “a,” “an” and “the”include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.Thus, for example, the term “a port” is intended to mean a single portor a combination of ports.

Electrode formulations can include, for example, (1) active materials(i.e., the sources and sinks of ions and electrons), (2) carbon (or amixture of carbons) or other material(s) having the primary, but notnecessarily exclusive, function of electronic conduction, and (3) anelectrolyte (e.g., a solvent or solvent mixture plus salt(s)) having theprimary, but not necessarily exclusive function of ionic conduction. Theelectrode formulation may optionally include other additives havingspecific intended chemical, mechanical, electrical, and/or thermalfunctions. Electrode formulations can include, for example, the activematerials, compositions, and/or semi-solid suspensions described in U.S.Provisional Application No. 61/787,382, entitled “[Semi-Solid ElectrodesHaving High Rate Capability,” and U.S. Provisional Application No.61/787,372, entitled “Asymmetric Battery Having a Semi-Solid Cathode andHigh Energy Density Anode,” the entire disclosures of which are herebyincorporated by reference.

Electrodes of a conventional electrochemical cell are typically preparedby coating a metal foil substrate with a thin (e.g., about 100 μm toabout 200 μm) wet slurry that is subsequently dried and calendered to adesired thickness. The slurry components in this method are typicallyactive materials, conductive additives, a binding agent, and a solvent(e.g., commonly N-Methylpyrrolidone (NMP)). When the solvent isevaporated (in a drying oven covering the conveying line), the binderconverts to a “glue” that holds all of the solid particles together in amatrix bound to the substrate. It is common for electrodes to be coatedwith the same materials on both sides of the substrate. As used herein,the term “electrode material” can refer to the slurry described above.

There are two common battery design approaches, (1) wound, and (2)stacked. In wound battery designs, electrode sheets can be cut to targetdimensions, and then, with a separator placed in between, wound into aspiral or jelly-roll, then infiltrated with electrolyte and suitablypackaged (typically in a cylindrical or rectangular metal can) to affordcontainment and electrical connections. In stacked battery designs,electrode sheets can also be cut to target dimension, but can then bestacked on top of one another with separators placed in between, forminga cell composed of physically discrete, rather than continuous in thecase of wound cells, anode/cathode pairs. The stacked assembly can thenbe infiltrated with electrolyte and commonly packaged in either apouch/bag, a plastic box, or a metal can, which can each also bereferred to as a cell or battery casing as described herein.

In conventional pouch packaging, the pouch can perform severalfunctions. One such function is to provide a hermetic isolation ofbattery materials from the environment. Thus, the pouch can serve toavoid leakage of hazardous materials such as electrolyte solvents and/orcorrosive salts to the ambient environment, and can prevent water and/oroxygen infiltration into the cell. Other functions of the pouch caninclude, for example, compressive packaging of the internal layers,voltage isolation for safety and handling, and mechanical protection ofthe battery assembly.

Typical pouch materials can include laminates (e.g., multi-layersheets), formed into, for example, two or three solid film-like layersand bound together by adhesive. The word “laminate” as used herein canalso refer to layers of material that are not chemically adhered to oneanother. For example, the layers can be in areal contact with each otherand coupled using other coupling methods, such as, for example, heatsealing, UV and/or adhesives (e.g., anaerobic adhesives). The innerlayer can be, for example, a plastic layer, such as, for example, apolyolefin (e.g., a cast polypropylene (CPP) or polyethylene). The nextor second layer can be a metal foil layer, such as, for example,aluminum, aluminum alloy, copper, nickel, titanium, stainless steel,gold, platinum or carbon. In some pouch configurations, there can be anadditional layer(s). The additional layer can be, for example, aprotective coating, formed with, for example, a plastic, such as nylon.The metal foil can provide the function of hermeticity, being much lesspermeable to certain compounds, especially water, than plastics. Theinner plastic layer can be thermally bondable to itself, which is theconvention regarding pouch closure and admission of electricalpass-throughs. In pouch closure, if the inner layers (e.g. CPP) of twopieces of pouch laminate are brought into physical contact, and heat isapplied, the layers will melt and fuse, creating a robust seal if theprocessing conditions (e.g., power, temperature, duration) are chosenappropriately. For example, when the sealing is done in a closed loop,an interior volume can be formed that is isolated from the ambient orexterior environment. For electrical pass-throughs, electrical tabs(e.g., strips of conductive metal containing a ring-like wrapping of aselect plastic, such as, for example, Surlyn) can be attached to theinternal battery assembly (e.g., by ultrasonic weld, clamping fixture,tape, etc) with the plastic ring aligned in the pouch so as to be alsothermally sealable.

The tabbing approach described above can add manufacturing complexityand cost, and may require careful control with respect to quality duringmanufacture. For example, a polymer material is often used around thearea where the electrical tabs pass through from the inside to theoutside to the pouch for a better seal and to avoid leaks. Failure tocontrol this aspect adequately can result in increased costs. The pouchlaminates described above are known in the battery industry for use aspackaging material, but not as an electrochemically functional componentof the battery.

Systems, devices, and methods are described herein related to anelectrochemical cell having a casing or pouch that includes multi-layerlaminate sheets that include at least a first or inner layer formed witha plastic material and a second layer formed with an electronicallyconducting material such that the multi-layer sheet can be used as anelectrochemically functional element of the cell. For example, in someembodiments, the electronically conducting material (e.g., metal foil)of a pouch can be used as a current collector for the cell. In someembodiments, the metal foil can be used as a pass-through tab. Thus, themulti-layer or laminate sheet(s) of the cell pouch can be used as anelectrochemically functional material of the cell, in addition to actingas a packaging material.

FIGS. 1-3 illustrate a portion of an electrochemical cell (also referredto herein as “energy storage device”), according to an embodiment. Anelectrochemical cell (e.g., a battery) can include a casing thatincludes two laminate or multi-layer sheets (also referred to herein as“laminate sheet” or “sheet”) coupled together to encase an electrodematerial of the cell. As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, a casing 100 (alsoreferred to as a “pouch”) can include a laminate sheet 110. The laminatesheet 110 can include a first or inner layer 124, a second orintermediate layer 122 and optionally a third or outer layer 120. Asshown in FIG. 2, the second layer 122 can be coupled to the third layer120 and coupled to the first layer 124 with an adhesive 125. Inalternative embodiments, the third layer 120, second layer 122 and firstlayer 124 can be coupled by other methods. For example, the third layer120, second layer 122, and first layer 124 can be disposed in a stackedrelation and then heat sealed, for example, around a periphery of thelayers. In some embodiments, the first layer 124 and/or the third layer120 can be molded onto the second layer. In some embodiments, the firstlayer 124 and.ior the third layer 120 can be spread or coated onto thesecond layer.

The third layer 120 can be formed with, for example, a polyamide (e.g.,Nylon) and can have a thickness, for example, of about 0.025 mm. Thesecond layer 122 can be formed with an electronically conductivematerial, such as, for example, aluminum, an aluminum alloy, or copper,and can have a thickness, for example, between of about 0.025 mm and0.040 mm. The first layer 124 can be formed with, for example, amaterial that is thermally bondable to itself. For example, the firstlayer 124 can be formed with a polypropylene (CPP). The first layer 124can have a thickness of, for example, 0.040 mm.

In some embodiments, the first layer 124 can define one or more openings126 such that a portion 142 of the second layer 122 is exposed throughthe opening 126, as shown in FIG. 1. With the portion 142 of the secondlayer 122 exposed, an electrochemically active material of the electrode(also referred to as “electrode material”) can be in contact with andelectrically connected to the second layer 122, as described in moredetail below. Thus, the second layer 122 can serve as the currentcollector for the cell. The opening(s) 126 can be formed, for example,by laser ablation, die cutting, or a cavity can be formed or molded intothe first layer 124.

As shown in FIG. 3, the casing 100 for an electrochemical cell caninclude two laminate sheets 110, 110′ coupled together, with forexample, adhesive, heat sealing or other suitable coupling methods toform a hermetic seal. The laminate sheet 110′ shown in FIG. 3 can beformed the same as or similar to the laminate sheet 110. For example,the laminate sheet 110′ can include an inner layer 124′, an intermediatelayer 122′ and an outer layer 120′ each coupled together with anadhesive 125. A first electrode material (not shown) can be disposed onthe exposed portion 142 of the second layer 122, and a second electrodematerial (not shown) can be disposed on an exposed portion 142′ of thesecond layer 122′. For example, one of the cavities 126, 126′ caninclude an anode electrode and be referred to as the anode cavity of thecell, and the other cavity 126, 126′ can include a cathode electrode andbe referred to as the cathode cavity of the cell.

A separator member 130 can be disposed between the laminate sheet 110and the laminate sheet 110′ as shown in FIG. 3. The separator 130 can beused to provide isolation of the anode and cathode portions of the cellsuch that only ions are able to pass through it, and to prevent shortcircuiting of the cell.

In some embodiments, the inner layer 124 of the laminate sheet 110 andthe inner layer 124′ of the laminate sheet 110′ can include a peripheryportion (not shown in FIG. 3) that extends beyond a periphery of theseparator 130 such that the first layers 124, 124′ can be joined to forma seal. In some embodiments, the inner layers 124, 124′ are each formedwith a material that is thermally bondable to itself (e.g., CPP asdescribed above) such that when the two laminate sheets 110 and 110′ arejoined, the first layer 124 and the first layer 124′ can be joinedaround their peripheries and thermally bond to each other to form ahermetic seal.

In some embodiments, the cell can include integrated electrical tabbing,which can obviate the need for (i) a discrete tab component (e.g., anelectrical lead), (ii) connecting dedicated tabs to current collectors,and (iii) a dedicated tab sealing operation. Instead, as describedherein, in some embodiments, an electrical tab or lead can be providedas an extension of the second layer (e.g., the current collector) of thelaminate sheet (e.g., 122 of the laminate sheet 110). Thus, electricalpass-through can be achieved via the cell sealing.

FIG. 4 illustrates a portion of a laminate sheet 210 that can be cutalong the dashed lines to form three separate laminate sheets each foruse within a casing of an electrochemical cell. As shown in FIG. 4, thelaminate sheet 210 can include a first or inner layer 224, a second orintermediate layer 222 and can optionally include a third or outerprotective layer (not shown in FIG. 3). As described above for laminatesheet 110, the first layer 224 can be formed with a plastic material,such as, for example, a cast polypropylene, and can define one or moreopenings 226 to expose a portion 242 of the second layer 222. The secondlayer 222 can be formed with an electrically conductive material thatcan be electrically coupled to an electrode material (not shown)disposed on the portion 242 through the opening 226 such that theexposed portion 242 of the second layer 222 can be used as a currentcollector for the cell. The first layer 224 can also define openings 236that expose additional portions 232 of the second layer 222. The exposedportions 232 of the second layer 222 can serve as a power connection taband/or can be coupled to an electrical lead 234 that can be used toprovide an electrical current to the cell, as shown in FIG. 4. Forexample, the electrical lead 234 can be welded, brazed, crimped, etc.onto the exposed portion 232.

In alternative embodiments, rather than the exposed portion 232 beingdefined by an opening 236 of the first layer 224, the exposed portion232 can be integral with the exposed portion 242 of layer 232. Forexample, in some such embodiments, the exposed portion 232 can extendfrom the exposed portion 242 as an integral component, and the electrodematerial can be disposed onto the exposed portion 242 while masking theexposed portion 232. In some such embodiments, the electrode materialcan be spread onto the exposed portion 242 and exposed portion 232 andthen the electrode material on exposed portion 232 can be scraped off orotherwise removed and the electrical lead 234 can be coupled to theexposed portion 232.

FIG. 5 illustrates a laminate sheet 310 according to another embodiment.In this embodiment, the laminate sheet 310 can include a first or innerlayer 324, a second or intermediate layer 322 and a third or outer layer(not shown in FIG. 3). The first layer 324 can be formed with a plasticmaterial such as, for example, a cast polypropylene, and can define oneor more openings 326 to expose a portion of the second layer 322. Asshown in FIG. 5, in this embodiment, there are three openings 326. Thesecond layer 322 can be formed with an electrically conductive materialthat can be electrically coupled to an electrode material (not shown)disposed on the exposed portions 342 of the second layer 322 through theopenings 326. In this embodiment, the second layer 322 includes anextended portion 327 that extends beyond a peripheral edge of the innerlayer 324. The extended portion 327 can function as a power connectiontab to provide electrical current to the electrode material disposed onthe exposed portion 342 of second layer 222.

FIGS. 6 and 7 illustrate another embodiment of a laminate sheet that canbe used within a casing for an electrochemical cell and can also be usedas the current collector for the cell. A laminate sheet 410 includes afirst layer 424 and a second layer 422. The first layer 424 can becoupled to the second layer 422 with, for example, an adhesive, withheat sealing or other known coupling methods. The second layer 422 canbe formed with an electrically conductive material such as, for example,an aluminum or copper material, and the first layer 424 can be formedwith, for example, cast polypropylene (CPP) as described above forprevious embodiments. In this embodiment, without a third or outerprotective layer, it may be desirable for the second layer 422 to have agreater thickness than embodiments that have a third layer. For example,it may be desirable for the second layer 422 to have a thickness betweenabout 0.075 and 0.100 mm.

The first layer 424 defines openings 426 such that portions 442 of theconductive second layer 422 are exposed through the openings 426, asshown in FIG. 6. The exposed portions 442 of the second layer 422 can beelectrically connected to an electrochemically active material of anelectrode disposed on the second layer 422 within the openings 426.Thus, the second layer 422 can serve as the current collector for thecell. As described above, the openings 426 can be formed, for example,by laser ablation or die cutting.

In some embodiments, a laminate sheet as described herein for use as acasing for an electrochemical cell and also as a current conductor forthe cell can include a cavity or opening that is formed or molded intothe laminate sheet. Such a cell having a formed laminate sheet(s) can bereferred to as a “formed cell.” Such laminate sheets can be referred toas “formed laminate sheets.” Such formed laminate sheets can be formedsuch that at least a portion of the second layer (e.g., metal foil) isformed with a permanent deformation. The deformation can form a cavitywithin the laminate sheet in which an electrode material of the cell canbe disposed. In some embodiments, an upper peripheral surface of themetal foil (e.g., second layer) on which an inner plastic layer isdisposed may not be formed. In other words, an upper ledge can bemaintained on which the inner layer can at least be disposed. In otherembodiments, the inner layer can be disposed on at least a portion of aside wall of the formed cavity region. In some embodiments, the innerlayer can be disposed on a portion of the lower surface defining thecavity region of the formed laminate sheet.

The wall and bottom surface of the formed cavity region of the laminatesheet can have relatively uniform thickness or the thickness can vary.The side wall can be formed at various angles relative to the bottomsurface defining the cavity. For example, the angle can be formed withan angle between 0 and 90 degrees. In some embodiments, the angle canvary, for example, around a periphery of the cavity region. In someembodiments, the bottom surface of the cavity region can include raisedportions, such as, for example, a dimpled surface, a wavy surface, aprotrusion, ridges, etc. that can provide structural reinforcement tothe laminate sheet. The cavity region can have a variety of differentshapes and sizes. For example, the cavity region can be a polygonalshape (e.g., square, hexagonal, etc.), circular, elliptical or othersuitable shapes. In some embodiments, a cell casing can include a firstlaminate sheet that is a formed laminate sheet and a second laminatesheet that is not formed. In other words, the other side of the cellcasing can include an inner layer that defines openings that are, forexample, die cut or laser formed, as described above for previousembodiments.

FIG. 8 illustrates a formed laminate sheet 510 that includes a first orinner layer, a second or intermediate layer and a third or outer layer(each not shown in FIG. 8). As described above for previous embodiments,the second layer can include a metal foil formed with an electricallyconductive material, such as, for example, aluminum, an aluminum alloy,or copper. The first layer can define one or more openings (not shown)to expose at least a portion of the second layer. The formed laminatesheet 510 defines a cavity 528 in which an electrode material can bedisposed and be electrically connected to the exposed conductivematerial of the second layer (e.g., metal foil). In this embodiment, thelaminate sheet 510 includes walls 540 that are formed at a substantially90 degree angle relative to a bottom surface 542 of the cavity 528. Thebottom surface 542 can be the exposed surface of the second conductivelayer. The walls 540 and bottom surface 542 define the cavity 528. Aseparator 530 is coupled to the laminate sheet 510 and encloses thecavity 528. The laminate sheet 510 can be coupled to a laminate sheet510′ on an opposite side of the separator 530 to form a cell pouch orcasing 500, as shown in FIG. 9. The laminate sheet 510′ can be formedthe same or similar as described for laminate sheet 510 and can define acavity 528′. An anode electrode material can be disposed in none of thecavities 528, 528′ and a cathode electrode material can be disposed inthe other of the cavities 528, 528′.

FIG. 10 illustrates a portion of a framed cell casing 600. The cellcasing 600 includes a laminate sheet 610 that includes a first layer 624and a second layer 622, and a separator 630 is coupled to the firstlayer 624. A cavity 628 is defined by the side walls 640 of the firstlayer 624 and a surface 642 of the second layer 622. As with previousembodiments, the second layer 622 can be formed with an electricallyconductive material, such as, for example, aluminum, an aluminum alloy,or copper. An electrode material (not shown) can be disposed within thecavity 628 and be electrically connected to the exposed conductivematerial of the second layer 622 (e.g., metal foil), such that thesecond layer 622 can serve as the current collector for the cell.

FIG. 11 illustrates a portion of another framed cell casing 700. Thecell casing 700 includes a laminate sheet 710 that includes a firstlayer 724, a second layer 722, and a separator 730 is coupled to thefirst layer 724. In this embodiment, a third layer 720 is also included.The third layer can be a plastic protective outer layer of the cellcasing. A cavity 728 is defined by the side walls 740 of the first layer724 and a surface 742 of the second layer 722. As with previousembodiments, the second layer 722 can be formed with an electricallyconductive material, such as, for example, aluminum, an aluminum alloy,or copper. An electrode material (not shown) can be disposed within thecavity 728 and be electrically connected to the exposed conductivematerial of the second layer 722 (e.g., metal foil). The second layer722 also includes a tab portion 727 that extends beyond an outerperimeter of the inner layer 724. The tab portion 727 can serve as apower connection tab to provide electrical current to the electrode.

FIG. 12 illustrates another embodiment of a formed cell casing for anelectrochemical cell. A cell casing 900 includes a formed laminate sheet910 that includes a first layer 924 and a second layer 922. The laminatesheet 910 can also optionally include a third layer (not shown in FIG.12). As described above for previous embodiments, the second layer 922can be formed with an electrically conductive material, such as, forexample, aluminum or an aluminum alloy. The first layer 924 defines afirst opening 926 to expose at least a portion 942 of the second layer922. The formed laminate sheet 910 defines a cavity 928 in which anelectrode material can be disposed and be electrically connected to theexposed portion 942 of the second layer 922. In this embodiment, thelaminate sheet 910 includes walls 940 that are formed at a substantially90 degree angle relative to a bottom surface 946 of the first layer 924.The first layer 924 also defines the opening 926 at the periphery of thewalls 940. The walls 940 and bottom surface 946 together with theexposed portion 942 of second layer 922 define the cavity 928. The firstlayer 924 also defines a second opening 936 that exposed a secondportion 932 of the second layer 922. The second exposed portion 932 canserve as a power connection tab and be coupled to an electrical lead 934that can be used to provide electrical current to the cell. As describedfor previous embodiments, a separator (not shown) can be coupled to thefirst layer 924 and a second laminate sheet (not shown) can be coupledto the separator and to the laminate sheet 910 to form the cell casing900.

FIG. 13A illustrates a formed laminate sheet for a cell casing,according to another embodiment. A laminate sheet 1010 includes a firstlayer 1024 and a second layer 1022. The laminate sheet 1010 can alsooptionally include a third layer (not shown in FIG. 13A). As describedabove for previous embodiments, the second layer 1022 can be formed withan electrically conductive material, such as, for example, aluminum oran aluminum alloy. The first layer 1024 defines an opening 1026 toexpose at least a surface portion 1042 of the second layer 1022. Theformed laminate sheet 1010 defines a cavity 1028 in which an electrodematerial can be disposed and be electrically connected to the exposedportion 1042 of the second layer 1022. In this embodiment, the laminatesheet 1010 includes walls 1040 that are formed at a substantially 90degree angle relative to the exposed surface portion 1042 of the secondlayer 1022. The walls 1040 and surface portion 1042 of second layer 1022define the cavity 1028. In this embodiment, the second layer 1022includes an extended portion 1027 that extends beyond an outer perimeterof the first layer 1024. The extended portion 1027 can serve as a powerconnection tab to provide electrical current to the cell. As describedfor previous embodiments, a separator (not shown) can be coupled to thefirst layer 1024 and a second laminate sheet (not shown) can be coupledto the separator and to the laminate sheet 1010 to form a cell casing.

FIG. 13B is an enlarged view of a portion of the laminate sheet 1010illustrating the formed angle of 90 degrees between the walls 1040 andthe surface 1042. FIGS. 13C and 13D each illustrate alternativeembodiments of a laminate sheet 1010A and 1010B, respectively. As shownin FIG. 13C, the laminate sheet 1010A can be formed with a 45 degreeangle, and as shown in FIG. 13D, the laminate sheet 1010B can be formedwith a 30 degree angle. FIGS. 13E and 13F each illustrate alternativeembodiments of a laminate sheet similar to laminate sheet 1010 with thefirst layer disposed on different portions of the second layer. In FIG.13E, the laminate sheet 1010C illustrates an embodiment with a firstlayer 1024C extending onto a portion of the surface 1042C of the secondlayer 1022C. In FIG. 13F, the laminate sheet 1010D illustrates anembodiment with a first layer 1024D that does not cover the wallportions 1040D of the second layer 1022D.

FIGS. 14A and 14B illustrate a formed laminate sheet for a cell casing,according to another embodiment that is similar to the embodiment ofFIG. 14A. A laminate sheet 1110 includes a first layer 1124 and a secondlayer 1122, and can also optionally include a third layer (not shown inFIGS. 14A and 14B). As described above for previous embodiments, thesecond layer 1122 can be formed with an electrically conductivematerial, such as, for example, aluminum, an aluminum alloy, or copper.The first layer 1124 defines an opening 1126 to expose at least aportion of a surface 1142 of the second layer 1122. The formed laminatesheet 1110 defines a cavity 1128 in which an electrode material can bedisposed and be electrically connected to the exposed surface portion1142 of the second layer 1122. The laminate sheet 1110 includes walls1140 that are formed at a substantially 90 degree angle relative to thesurface 1142 of the second layer 1122. The walls 1140 and surface 1142of second layer 1122 define the cavity 1128. In this embodiment, thesecond layer 1122 also includes raised portions (e.g., protrusions,dimples, etc.) 1148 that provide structural reinforcement to thelaminate sheet 1110.

As with the embodiment of FIG. 13A, the second layer 1122 also includesan extended portion 1127 that extends beyond an outer perimeter of thefirst layer 1124. The extended portion 1127 can serve as a powerconnection tab to provide electrical current to the cell. As describedfor previous embodiments, a separator (not shown) can be coupled to thefirst layer 1124 and a second laminate sheet (not shown) can be coupledto the separator and to the laminate sheet 1110 to form a cell casing.

FIGS. 15A-15C illustrate another embodiment of formed laminate sheet fora cell casing that includes structural reinforcement features. Alaminate sheet 1210 includes a first layer 1224 and a second layer 1222,and can also optionally include a third layer (not shown in FIGS.16A-16C). As described above for previous embodiments, the second layer1222 can be formed with an electrically conductive material, such as,for example, aluminum, an aluminum alloy, or copper. The first layer1224 defines an opening 1226 to expose at least a portion of a surface1242 of the second layer 1222. The formed laminate sheet 1210 defines acavity 1228 in which an electrode material can be disposed and beelectrically connected to the exposed portion of surface 1242 of thesecond layer 1222. In this embodiment, the laminate sheet 1210 includeswalls 1240 that are formed at an angle less than 90 degrees relative tothe surface 1242 of the second layer 1222, and the walls 1240 andsurface 1242 of second layer 1222 define the cavity 1228. In thisembodiment, the second layer 1222 also includes raised portions 1248(e.g., protrusions, dimples, etc.) and a raised portion 1250 thatprovide structural reinforcement to the laminate sheet 1210.

FIGS. 16A-16C illustrate various steps in a process of manufacturing anelectrochemical cell having a laminate casing that can also function asthe current collector for the cell. As shown in FIG. 16A, at step 1, alaminate sheet 1310 is placed within a die to form a cavity within thelaminate sheet. The laminate sheet 1310 can include multiple layers asdescribed above. For example, the laminate sheet 1310 includes a firstlayer 1324 that defines an opening through which a portion of a secondlayer 1322 is exposed. The laminate sheet 1310 can optionally include athird outer protective layer (not shown) as described herein. The secondlayer 1322 can be formed with an electrically conductive material andcan be used as a current collector for the electrochemical cell. Thesecond layer 1322 includes a power connection tab 1327 such as tabs 327and 1027 described above. Step 2 illustrates the formed laminate sheetwith a cavity 1328 defined therein in which an electrode can bedisposed. At step 3, a masking material can be placed over the firstlayer such that only the exposed portion of the second layer is visiblethrough the masking.

As shown in FIG. 16B, at step 4, an electrode (referred to as “slurry”in FIG. 16B) can be placed on the exposed portion of the second layer.At steps 5 and 6, the electrode can be smoothed or spread along thesurface of the exposed portion of the second layer. For example, a bladeor straight edged instrument can be used to spread the electrode. Atstep 7, the masking can be removed leaving only the portion of theelectrode that has been spread onto the exposed portion of the secondlayer. As shown in FIG. 16C, at step 8, a separator can be placed on aportion of the first layer such that the separator is covering theelectrode. At step 9, the completed laminate sheet and separator of step8 can be joined with another such completed laminate sheet. For example,the electrode of the laminate sheet of step 8 can be a cathode electrodeand the other laminate sheet can include an anode electrode. At step 10,a vacuum and heat seal process can be performed to seal the two laminatesheets together to form the finished cell as shown at step 11.

In conventional batteries, anodes of different layers (e.g., in wound orstacked configurations) can be electrically connected in parallel to oneanother, and the same for cathodes, which can dictate that the samemedia (anodic or cathodic) be on both sides of a single metal foillayer. Such configurations are generally described using single letterabbreviations: ACCAACC . . . AAC or the like where A=anode layer andC=cathode layer. The repeating of letters for internal layers refers todouble coating configurations.

For two layer laminates described above for previous embodiments (e.g.,a plastic layer disposed partially on a metal foil layer), in some suchembodiments, the cell can be referred to a as bipolar battery or bipolarcell. FIG. 17A illustrates a bipolar cell 1452 that includes fourelectrochemical cells 1400. In such a bipolar cell, the exposed metalfoil layer of one cell 1400 (e.g., an anode-cathode pair) can bedisposed adjacent to that of a neighboring cell 1400, as shown in FIG.17B. Electrical contact between adjacent foil layers can be realized byvarious methods, such as, for example, mechanical compression, use of anelectrically conductive paste, welding, brazing, soldering, or othersuitable technique. In such a bipolar stack, the stack voltage reflectsthe serial connection of all the cells composing it, and is thussubstantially equal to the sum of the individual cell voltages.

FIGS. 18A-18C illustrate another embodiment of a formed cell casing foran electrochemical cell. A cell casing 1500 includes a formed laminatesheet 1510 and a formed laminate sheet 1510′. The laminate sheet 1510includes a first layer 1524 coupled to a second layer 1522, and thelaminate sheet 1510′ includes a first layer 1524′ coupled to a secondlayer 1522′. The first layers 1524, 1524′ can be coupled to theirrespective second layers 1522, 1522′ with, for example, an adhesive (notshown). The first layers 1524, 1524′ can be formed with, for example, acast polypropylene and the second layers 1522, 1522′ can be formed with,for example, an aluminum or copper material. In this embodiment, withouthaving a third protective layer, the second layers 1522, 1522′ can beformed with a greater thickness, such as, for example, a thickness of0.075 to 0.100 mm, and the first layer can have a thickness of forexample, 0.040 mm. The first layer 1524′ and second layer 1522′ of thesecond laminate sheet 1510′ are shown transparent in FIGS. 18A-18C forillustration purposes. As described above for previous embodiments, thesecond layers 1522, 1522′ can each be formed with an electricallyconductive material, such as, for example, aluminum or an aluminumalloy, or copper.

The first layers 1524, 1524′ each define a cavity and an opening 1526,1526′ that exposes a portion 1542, 1542′ of the respective second layers1522, 1522′. The second layers 1522, 1522′ each include the exposedportion 1542, 1542′ that is exposed on both sides of first layer 1524,1524′, and an extended portion 1527, 1527′ that is also exposed on bothsides of first layer 1524, 1524′. The formed laminate sheet 1510 definesa cavity 1528 and the second laminate sheet 1510′ also defines a cavity(not shown). The cavity 1528 and the cavity of the second laminate sheet1510′ collectively form an electrode cavity in which a stacked electrode1554 can be disposed and be electrically connected to the exposedportion 1542 of second layer 1522 and the exposed portion 1542′ of thesecond layer 1522′.

The stacked electrode 1554 can be a conventional electrode that includesmultiple electrodes each including an electrode material disposed on ametal foil sheet and a pair of electrical connection tabs 1556 and 1558.The electrode stack 1554 can also include separators (not shown)disposed between the multiple electrodes. The tabs 1556 and 1558 canextend from the metal foil sheets and be welded to the laminate sheets1510 and 1510′. As shown in FIG. 18C, the tab 1556 can be welded to theexposed portion 1527 of the laminate sheet 1510, and the tab 1558 can bewelded to the exposed portion 1527′ of the laminate sheet 1510′ as shownat weld location 1560. In other words, as shown in FIG. 18C, the tab1556 is welded on a bottom side to the top surface of the exposedportion 1527, and the tab 1558 is welded on an upper side to a surfaceof the exposed portion 1527′. The greater thickness of the second layers1522, 1522′ described above, can help facilitate welding of the tabs1556 and 1558.

The laminate sheet 1510 and the laminate sheet 1510′ can be coupledtogether with for example, a heat seal with the electrode stack 1554disposed within the electrode cavity. With the tabs 1556 and 1558 weldto the exposed portions 1527 and 1527′, respectively, the second layers1522 and 1522′ can serve as a power connection for the electrochemicalcell 1500. Thus, the need for a pass-through electrical tab iseliminated.

In some embodiments, the electrode material can be cast into the opencavity of the cell using conventional coating, drying, and calendaringprocesses. The coatings can be continuous or discrete to accommodatewound, prismatic, or other cell geometries. In other embodiments, theinner layer and foil layer, the foil layer and outer layer (in the caseof a three layer), or both, may not be chemically bonded by adhesive,rather, they can simply be in physical contact. Adjacent layers oflaminates can be sealed and contact between them established usingmechanical means, e.g. compressive force imposed by exterior plates, tierods, or bands. In other embodiments, the laminate may be used only onthe end cells of a stacked assembly. In yet another embodiment, thelaminate cell design and assembly approach can be used on one of theanode or cathode sides instead of both.

In another embodiment, the laminate can be fabricated using conventionalprocesses. For example, the foil substrate layer can be coated withelectrode materials in a conventional manner (e.g., coated, dried,calendered), and optionally in discrete patches. A framing material canthen be applied to the foil substrate to create a laminate. In thisexample, the electrode is not a slurry-based electrode; rather theelectrode can be a conventional electrode (e.g., cast active materialand conductive additive in a solid matrix held together with a bindingagent, interspersed with electrolyte within its pores).

In some embodiments, the laminate current collectors of a cell asdescribed herein can be configured to perform a heat exchange function,i.e. they can also function as heat collectors and dissipaters. In someapplications, it may be desirable to maintain the cell operatingtemperature within a specified range (for example, −40 C to 60 C, or −20C to 55 C, or 0 C to 55 C, or 15 C to 30 C), and it may be desirablethat heat generated during cell operation be collected and conductedaway from the active area of the cell to other regions of the cell,which may be at any location outside of the active area, where the heatcan be dissipated. Regions of the foil layer can act as (1) cooling finsin the ambient environment, which may be air, a conditioned (e.g.,temperature, humidity, etc.) gaseous environment, liquid coolant (e.g.,water, water/glycol mixture, heat exchange fluid, etc.) conductive, (2)thermally conductive pathways affixed by suitable methods (e.g.,chemical joining such as, e.g., welding, brazing, soldering, or physicalcontact, such as, e.g., compressive contact, crimping, co-folding) toauxiliary thermal management hardware and systems, or (3) radiantsurfaces. Heat conduction in the opposite direction is also possible,for example, to facilitate an operational start or a start sequence froma cold condition (e.g. −100 C, −60 C, −40 C, −20 C, <0 C, or <15 C) inwhich case the current collecting portion of the laminate is used toconduct heat into the cell from another heat source.

In some embodiments, electrochemical cells as described herein can beconnected in series and packaged with an inert gas. For example,multiple cells can be stacked in series and then placed into a housing(e.g., a can). The interior volume of the housing can then be purgedwith an inert gas and then hermetically sealed. As described herein, thelaminate sheet provides a first seal for individual cells and the outerhousing provides a second seal from the environment (e.g. zero moistureenvironments). Furthermore, the inert gas improves safety of the cell,battery and/or module by reducing or preventing sparks and fires.

While various embodiments have been described above, it should beunderstood that they have been presented by way of example only, notlimitation, and various changes in form and details may be made. Wheremethods described above indicate certain events occurring in certainorder, the ordering of certain events can be modified. Additionally,certain of the events can be performed concurrently in a parallelprocess when possible, as well as performed sequentially as describedabove. Any portion of the apparatus and/or methods described herein maybe combined in any combination, except mutually exclusive combinations.The embodiments described herein can include various combinations and/orsub-combinations of the functions, components and/or features of thedifferent embodiments described.

Furthermore, while certain temperatures, pressures, and othermeasurements, calculations, and/or other values are described inapproximate terms, the values used are not meant to be exact and a rangeof values can be used. For example, while the formed cell of FIG. 8 isdescribed as including 90 degree angles, in some embodiments, otherangles can be used.

The invention claimed is:
 1. An apparatus, comprising: a first polymersheet including a wall and a bottom surface, the wall and the bottomsurface at least partially defining a first region, the wall forming asubstantially 90 degree angle relative to the bottom surface; a secondpolymer sheet; a separator coupled to the first polymer sheet and atleast partially defining the first region between the separator and thefirst polymer sheet, the separator further coupled to the second polymersheet and at least partially defining a second region between theseparator and the second polymer sheet; an anode disposed in the firstregion; and a semi-solid cathode disposed in the second region, thesemi-solid cathode including an active material and a conductivematerial in a liquid electrolyte; wherein the separator extends beyondthe semi-solid cathode and the anode and isolates the semi-solid cathodefrom the anode.
 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first polymersheet is thermally bondable to the second polymer sheet.
 3. Theapparatus of claim 1, wherein the separator is coupled to at least aportion of the first polymer sheet to form a seal around the anode. 4.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the separator is coupled to at least aportion of the second polymer sheet to form a seal around the semi-solidcathode.
 5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the liquid electrolyte isa non-aqueous liquid electrolyte.
 6. The apparatus of claim 1, furthercomprising an anode current collector disposed on the first polymersheet.
 7. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a cathode currentcollector disposed on the second polymer sheet.
 8. The apparatus ofclaim 1, further comprising an anode tab electronically coupled to theanode, and extending outside of the first region.
 9. The apparatus ofclaim 1, further comprising a cathode tab electronically coupled to thesemi-solid cathode, and extending outside of the second region.
 10. Anapparatus, comprising: a first polymer sheet including a wall and abottom surface, the wall and the bottom surface at least partiallydefining a first volume, the wall forming a substantially 90 degreeangle relative to the bottom surface; a second polymer sheet; aseparator coupled to the first polymer sheet and at least partiallydefining the first volume between the separator and the first polymersheet, the separator further coupled to the second polymer sheet and atleast partially defining a second volume between the separator and thesecond polymer sheet; an anode disposed in the first volume andelectronically coupled to an anode tab, the anode tab extending outsideof the first volume; and a semi-solid cathode, the semi-solid cathodeincluding an active material and a conductive material in a liquidelectrolyte, the semi-solid cathode disposed in the second volume andelectronically coupled to a cathode tab, the cathode tab extendingoutside of the second volume.
 11. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein thefirst polymer sheet is thermally bondable to the second polymer sheet.12. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the separator is coupled to atleast a portion of the first polymer sheet to form a seal around theanode.
 13. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the separator is coupledto at least a portion of the second polymer sheet to form a seal aroundthe semi-solid cathode.
 14. The apparatus of claim 10, furthercomprising an anode current collector disposed on the first polymersheet.
 15. The apparatus of claim 10, further comprising a cathodecurrent collector disposed on the second polymer sheet.
 16. Anapparatus, comprising: a first film including a wall and a bottomsurface, the wall and the bottom surface at least partially defining afirst region, the wall forming a substantially 90 degree angle relativeto the bottom surface; a second film; a separator coupled to the firstfilm and at least partially defining the first region between theseparator and the first film, the separator further coupled to thesecond film and at least partially defining a second region between theseparator and the second film; a semi-solid anode disposed in the firstregion; and a semi-solid cathode disposed in the second region; whereinthe separator extends beyond the semi-solid cathode and the semi-solidanode and isolates the semi-solid cathode from the semi-solid anode. 17.The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the first film is thermally bondableto the second film.
 18. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the firstfilm and the second film are both composed of one or more polymers. 19.The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the separator is coupled to at leasta portion of the first polymer sheet to form a seal around thesemi-solid anode.
 20. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the separatoris coupled to at least a portion of the second polymer sheet to form aseal around the semi-solid cathode.
 21. The apparatus of claim 16,further comprising an anode current collector disposed on the firstfilm.
 22. The apparatus of claim 16, further comprising a cathodecurrent collector disposed on the second film.
 23. The apparatus ofclaim 16, further comprising an anode tab electronically coupled to thesemi-solid anode, and extending outside of the first region.
 24. Theapparatus of claim 16, further comprising a cathode tab electronicallycoupled to the semi-solid cathode, and extending outside of the secondregion.